Ubuntu&Fedora装机&Mac装机（UOS装机将会持续更新）

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如果是有两块硬盘的朋友，如果你把一个硬盘上的东西往另一个硬盘的分区上拷后，一定要记得在文件浏览器中卸载该分区，即点该分区上的小三角（13.04）不然会发生拷贝失效（如果你拷完东西没弹出就重启了），跟没拷一样，我是深受其害，希望提醒大家注意！

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在出现Segmentation fault的时候，Linux有能力生成一份Core Dump文件，我们激活这种能力：

# ulimit -c unlimited

# ./demo.sh（运行出现Segmentation fault的程序）
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
# ls
core.16069
# gdb /bin/bash core.16069
(gdb) bt
#0 0x00c7c410 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
#1 0x00733146 in kill () from /lib/libc.so.6
#2 0x0807a561 in kill_pid ()
#3 0x080a2b9f in kill_builtin ()
#4 0x0806b81c in dispose_exec_redirects ()
#5 0x0806d010 in new_fd_bitmap ()
#6 0x0806dc17 in execute_command_internal ()
#7 0x0806f443 in execute_command ()
#8 0x0805ed21 in reader_loop ()
#9 0x0805e817 in main ()

至于这些堆栈信息怎么看就靠你自己的经验了。

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I installed Fedora and chose all the suggested default settings. Now my system does not boot, or goes straight into Windows when I boot the machine.

In a default Fedora installation on a second hard drive, Fedora assumes that that is the only drive in the system, unless you pick the advanced partition option when formatting the drive during the installation.

A boot directory on the drive is always made, which houses the vmlinux, initrd, config file, grub reference files and system.map file. This does not mean that the bootloader itself was written to your boot drive and the system will boot from the primary master drive.

Even though you installed Grub to the MBR (Master Boot Record) the actual stage files reside on the hard drive in the Fedora install /boot directory. Only the part of grub that catches the MBR (the actual bootloader) resides on the MBR that directs things to the actual location of the grub stage files, menu.lst and device.map files.

If you choose to install the actual bootloader to the second drive (which is by default in your case when you installed Fedora), the MBR is written to the second drive.

Hence, this is why you booted right into Windows. The MBR of the actual boot drive (primary master) still had the bootloader for Windows only.

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如果有第二块硬盘，那么请在Bios里将启动顺序移动至第一块硬盘之上，这样才能启动fedora，不然直接进win7

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设置ctrl+alt+t打开终端快捷键：fedora
打开开始菜单，在搜索框里输入：设置 并打开
注：fedora下是Super+空格切换输入法不是ctrl+空格！

选择键盘

点击加号

名称：Open a Terminal
命令：/usr/bin/gnome-terminal

点击禁用，按下ctrl+alt+t（没有加号。。。。）

关闭窗口

KDE用户

注：Gnome3：Ctrl+Del是移动到回收站，KDE正常为Del删除，Shift+Del是永久删除,su root是切换到root 用户，没有了侧边栏切换程序要用ctrl+tab ctrl+tab+alt来实现
KDE下需要将所有的gedit改为kwrite
yum install wget（安装wget，很重要的工具）
yum install gcc（不然没法编译源代码包）
yum install alien（转换deb包为rpm）

注：转化命令为alien -r android-toolchain_20081019-koolu1_i386.deb
强制安装命令为rpm -ivh /home/CC/下载/python-gtk2-2.24.0-4.x86_64.rpm --force
setup.py这个安装文件请用python setup.py install来安装

安装Xface4-Terminal
[cc@localhost ~]$ sudo yum install xfce4-terminal
cc 不在 sudoers 文件中。此事将被报告。
[cc@localhost ~]$ yum install xfce4-terminal
已加载插件：langpacks, refresh-packagekit
您需要 root 权限执行此命令。
[cc@localhost ~]$ su root
密码：
[root@localhost CC]# yum install xfce4-terminal
已加载插件：langpacks, refresh-packagekit
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
注：必须输入y，而不像ubuntu那样可以回车安装
sudo rm /usr/share/applications/kde4/konsole.desktop
然后把命令设置成：/usr/bin/xfce4-terminal（要打开相应文件夹选择相应文件，不是直接输入！不然你按下组合键也不会有反应！！！）

美化终端（如果你安装了xfac-terminal的话）：
打开终端（ctrl+alt+t），编辑->首选项->颜色->背景色：RGB（128，128，128）->确定，对了文字颜色RGB（0，0，0）

外观->透明背景->透明度->0.23->关闭

打开主文件夹
按ctrl+h显示隐藏文件
找到.bashrc双击打开，在文件末尾添加PS1="\[\033[0;32m\]\A \[\033[0;31m\]\u\[\033[0;34m\]@\[\033[0;35m\]\h\[\033[0;34m\]:\[\033[00;36m\]\W\[\033[0;33m\] $\[\033[0m\]"

输入：
su root
sudo gedit ~/.bashrc
在文件末尾添加PS1="\[\033[0;32m\]\A \[\033[0;31m\]\u\[\033[0;34m\]@\[\033[0;35m\]\h\[\033[0;34m\]:\[\033[00;36m\]\W\[\033[0;33m\] $\[\033[0m\]"（不这样做切换到root时美化会失效？）

最终结果：

添加最大化，最小化按钮
打开终端，输入
su root
sudo yum install gnome-tweak-tool
然后在这里找到

然后设置：管理标题栏上的按钮->全部

把按钮移到左边
su root
sudo yum install dconf-editor
新开一个终端，关闭旧的终端
dconf-editor
/org/gnome/shell/overrides/button-layout '":close,maximize,minimize"'
改成
close,minimize,maximize:（图上的配置不对）

注：如果当时没有效果，重启后就有了

安装flash：
点击下面的网址，选择rpm包
http://get.adobe.com/tw/flashplayer/
然后输入密码安装

安装fedora下的新立德（yumex）
打开终端输入
su root
sudo yum install yumex

配置主题：（KDE就不用看了，一会儿配置3D特效时候会有）
su root
sudo yum install gnome-tweak-tool
下载：

147061-Gnome-Cupertino-2.1.5.tar.gz

(760 KiB) 已下载 97 次

解压到~/下载 中，然后哦在终端中输入：
mv /home/CC/下载/147061-Gnome-Cupertino-2.1.5/Gnome-Cupertino /usr/share/themes
打开gnome-tweak-tool

照如图设置好GTK+主题后会发现标题栏没变
新打开一个终端，输入dconf-editor
org.gnome.desktop.wm.preferences theme "ThemeName"

这也许是gnome-tweak-tool 的一个bug吧。。。。
最上面的那个还没有更改主题
下载

11090820531154.zip

(173.41 KiB) 已下载 78 次

切换回gnome-tweak-tool->Shell 主题第一个选项

选择11090820531154.zip

但是输入法皮肤没了。。。。。

下面我们来安装搜狗输入法：
首先deepin的搜狗输入法 基于fcitx的框架 因此我们在安装搜狗之前需要先安装fcitx

首先，先删除之前的ibus相关程序：

用开始菜单中的”软件”卸载

其次，sudo yum install fcitx


之后，修改环境变量：

gedit ~/.bashrc
增加如下内容：
export GTK_IM_MODULE=xim
export XMODIFIERS="@im=fcitx"
export QT_IM_MODULE=xim
保存后退出。

接着，设置开机自动启动，打开终端，输入gnome-session-properties,在打开的图形界面中添加一条，名称和命令分别为fcitx fcitx就可以了。

KDE用户
开始菜单中打开System-Settings->拉到底，选择Start up and Shutdown

Autostart->Add Program

上面的文本框中输入fcitx，下面的run in terminal不用点（图上不对）

KDE还有个好处，就是自动记忆你重启之前的所有动作（打开的程序），然后你重新进入系统时自动恢复重启/关机前的窗口，不知是不是fedora的KDE独有

接下来从deepin的搜狐源中下载搜狗拼音的deb包
http://mirror.sohu.com/deepin/pool/non- ... n-release/
32位系统用fcitx-sogoupinyin_0.0.4-1_i386.deb，64位用fcitx-sogoupinyin_0.0.4-1_amd64.deb
另外从
http://mirror.sohu.com/deepin/pool/main/f/fcitx-skins/
下载皮肤

下面以64位Fedora系统为例简单的说说安装过程。
其实很简单就是解开包就可以用。

详情如下：

双击fcitx-sogoupinyin_0.0.4-1_amd64.deb 包看到里面有一个data.tar.xz将它提取出来，放在任意一个文件夹下，比如/home/cc/下载，然后cd /home/cc/下载
然后打开新的终端，输入：
su root
cd /home/cc/下载
sudo tar zxvf data.tar.gz -C /
将这个包解压到根目录下，接下来
su root
sudo mv /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/fcitx/fcitx-sogoupinyin.so /usr/lib64/fcitx/（如果不这样做那么看着fcitx是启动了，但是按ctrl+空格死活调不出来）
将搜狗拼音插件移动到fedora发行版中的相应位置。此时搜狗拼音应该已经可以用了。

再用同样的方法 提取出搜狗皮肤的数据包。
然后下载
fcitx-skin-sogou_0.0.3+nmu2_all.deb
或
fcitx-skin-sogou_0.0.3_all.deb
提取到此处
cd fcitx-skin-sogou_0.0.3_all或者cd fcitx-skin-sogou_0.0.3+nmu2_all
sudo tar zxvf data.tar.gz -C /
就可以使用默认的搜狗皮肤了

最后安装其他皮肤
比如我下载fcitx-skin-anran_0.0.3_all.deb
cd fcitx-skin-anran_0.0.3_all
sudo tar zxvf data.tar.gz-C /

然后打开终端，输入：
sudo yum install fcitx-configtool
然后打开开始菜单中的fcitx配置

Gnome3

KDE用户

全局配置->候选词个数

显示高级选项
将：切换输入法时显示输入法提示 去掉勾选

重启后就能使用了！

然后对着输入法图标右击鼠标->皮肤
哪个好看，自己选吧

注：可能出现情况为鼠标指针消失，但能点击
打开终端（ctrl+alt+t或者盲点开始菜单在搜索栏输入terminal然后运行）
在终端中输入：
sudo gedit /etcX11/xorg.conf
不要保存，然后关闭退出，鼠标就回来了

小知识：

在rhel4updae8系统是使用cp命令覆盖文件总是提示要输入yes或no，一个两个就算了，大量的文件复制就不行了，即使加上-f参数也无法强行覆盖。苦思冥想不得解，终于在查阅了众多资料后让我找到了解决方法，这里写出来，让有同样困惑的朋友也不再为此发愁了。

方法一：

输入alias命令，看到系统内部使用的是cp的别名。

#alias

alias cp='cp -i'

输入unalias cp命令，解除别名。

#unaslias cp （这只是临时取消cp的别名，不是永久的）

#cp a test/a 呵呵，这下正常了吧。

方法二：

输入\cp命令，作用也是取消cp的别名。

#\cp a test\a 呵呵，这么用也一样好使。

方法三：

输入yes|cp a test\a，使用管道自动输入yes。

#yes | cp a test\a 看到了吧，自动打出一堆yes，替你输入了。

呵呵，至于以上方法你喜欢那种，就由你自己选择了。

安装Conky（Gnome3不适用，请到gnome-look搜寻支持Gnome3.8的conky，不然透明功能会缺失，导致透明显示为死黑，很难看）
su root
sudo yum install conky
然后下载colors_conky_by_nale12-d4or750.zip，conky.sh，Aller_Std_Bd.ttf
将colors_conky_by_nale12-d4or750.zip解压到主文件夹下
将conkyrc改名.conkyrc（前面加个.）
把conky.sh也放到主文件夹下，然后在对着他右击鼠标->properties->permissions
三个属性全设成Can Read & Write
点上Is executable（可执行，这步很关键！）
在主文件夹下新建一个文件夹，命名.fonts
将Aller_Std_Bd.ttf移动进去

注：Gnome3（默认）：
按下ctrl+h显示隐藏文件
KDE：
按下alt+.（alt+点（英文句号））显示隐藏文件

回到主文件夹下，打开.lua.lua，将滚动条拉到底
将/home/dany/conky.png中的dany改成你的用户名（我的是/home/cc/conky.png）
然后在开始菜单->System Settings->Start up and Shutdown（拉到底）->Add Script->选择那个/home/cc/conky.sh 确定

安装QQ2012：
到http://www.longene.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=4700下载tar版（就是第二个下载文件）
在~/下载 解压
cd ~/下载/WineQQ2012-20121221-Longene
su root
安装32位库（如果你是64位系统，32位请跳过）
sudo yum install alsa-lib-devel.i686 alsa-lib-devel audiofile-devel.i686 audiofile-devel cups-devel.i686 cups-devel dbus-devel.i686 dbus-devel fontconfig-devel.i686 fontconfig-devel freetype.i686 freetype-devel.i686 freetype-devel giflib-devel.i686 giflib-devel lcms-devel.i686 lcms-devel libICE-devel.i686 libICE-devel libjpeg-turbo-devel.i686 libjpeg-turbo-devel libpng-devel.i686 libpng-devel libSM-devel.i686 libSM-devel libusb-devel.i686 libusb-devel libX11-devel.i686 libX11-devel libXau-devel.i686 libXau-devel libXcomposite-devel.i686 libXcomposite-devel libXcursor-devel.i686 libXcursor-devel libXext-devel.i686 libXext-devel libXi-devel.i686 libXi-devel libXinerama-devel.i686 libXinerama-devel libxml2-devel.i686 libxml2-devel libXrandr-devel.i686 libXrandr-devel libXrender-devel.i686 libXrender-devel libxslt-devel.i686 libxslt-devel libXt-devel.i686 libXt-devel libXv-devel.i686 libXv-devel libXxf86vm-devel.i686 libXxf86vm-devel mesa-libGL-devel.i686 mesa-libGL-devel mesa-libGLU-devel.i686 mesa-libGLU-devel ncurses-devel.i686 ncurses-devel openldap-devel.i686 openldap-devel openssl-devel.i686 openssl-devel zlib-devel.i686 pkgconfig sane-backends-devel.i686 sane-backends-devel xorg-x11-proto-devel glibc-devel.i686 prelink fontforge flex bison libstdc++-devel.i686 pulseaudio-libs-devel.i686 gnutls-devel.i686 libgphoto2-devel.i686 openal-soft-devel openal-soft-devel.i686 isdn4k-utils-devel.i686 gsm-devel.i686 samba-winbind libv4l-devel.i686 cups-devel.i686 libtiff-devel.i686 gstreamer-devel.i686 gstreamer-plugins-base-devel.i686 gettext-devel.i686 libmpg123-devel.i686
yum update

如果找不到libmpg123-devel说明rpmfusion里面的free和nonfree俩包没安，请到下面的地址下载安装后再重新执行
http://rpmfusion.org/Configuration

Gnome3（默认）:
sudo yum install gtk2.i686
注：如果不这样做yum install gtk2.i686时会提示：
错误： Multilib version problems found. This often means that the root
cause is something else and multilib version checking is just
pointing out that there is a problem. Eg.:

1. You have an upgrade for gtk2 which is missing some
dependency that another package requires. Yum is trying to
solve this by installing an older version of gtk2 of the
different architecture. If you exclude the bad architecture
yum will tell you what the root cause is (which package
requires what). You can try redoing the upgrade with
--exclude gtk2.otherarch ... this should give you an error
message showing the root cause of the problem.

2. You have multiple architectures of gtk2 installed, but
yum can only see an upgrade for one of those architectures.
If you don't want/need both architectures anymore then you
can remove the one with the missing update and everything
will work.

3. You have duplicate versions of gtk2 installed already.
You can use "yum check" to get yum show these errors.

...you can also use --setopt=protected_multilib=false to remove
this checking, however this is almost never the correct thing to
do as something else is very likely to go wrong (often causing
much more problems).

保护多库版本：gtk2-2.24.19-3.fc19.i686 != gtk2-2.24.19-2.f

KDE：
sudo yum install libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0（这是fedora独有的一个东西，直接搜库就行）

安装：
sudo ./setup.sh -i qq2012.tar.gz
打开QQ2012

Gnome3只能用屏幕键盘输入，KDE正常。。。。

解决热键冲突，将划词搜索改为无

安装Bumblebee驱动安装：
把之前安装的驱动都卸载（akmod-nvidia, kmod-nvidia,kmod-nvidia-PAE...）
用”软件”卸载

确保内核是3.10，如不一致请用"软件"安装（图片上就不是，所以害的我研究了好半天为什么正确安装却显示：rev a1），或者执行
sudo yum update /yum insatall kernel* selinux-policy*（如果不这么做，安装完bumblebee不起作用，因为bumblebee起作用的内核版本和你的内核版本不一致）

sudo yum install dkms gcc kernel-devel VirtualGL pangox-compat patch
reboot
重启后选择第一个内核（新安装的）进入，然后新打开一个终端（如果未打开终端或不是打开两个终端请执行）或在之前旧的（使用su root 过的终端中）终端中输入：
su root
sudo mv /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r)-nouveau.img
sudo dracut /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img $(uname -r)

然后下载我网盘中的这三个文件并安装（不要直接双击安装那样看不到进度很不爽，而且还可能卡死）：
bbswitch-0.7.0-1.fc19.x86_64.rpm
bumblebee-3.2.1-4.fc19.x86_64.rpm
然后再安装
bumblebee-nvidia-310.51-6.fc19.x86_64.rpm
cd /home/cc/下载
sudo rpm -ivh bbswitch-0.7.0-1.fc19.x86_64.rpm bumblebee-3.2.1-4.fc19.x86_64.rpm bumblebee-nvidia-310.51-6.fc19.x86_64.rpm
注：如果执意双击安装，那么注意安装顺序（前两个包随便，没有顺序之分）
重起后新开个终端输入
lspci |grep -i VGA
如显示类似（注意红字处）
[cc@localhost ~]$ lspci |grep -i VGA
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller (rev 09)
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GF108M [NVS 5400M] (rev ff)

注：
安装完Bumblebee后系统报SVG警报解决与否确实关系到bumblebee能否生效
收到SVG警报后，在开始菜单中搜索selinux打开
选择允许dmesg write访问printk files（第二个）
按照提示操作以root用户（su root，#号代表root）输入：
grep dmesg /var/log/audit/audit.log
semodule -i mypol.pp
这是我执行相关操作前后的对比
[cc@localhost ~]$ lspci |grep -i VGA
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller (rev 09)
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GF108M [NVS 5400M] (rev a1)
[cc@localhost ~]$ sudo grep dmesg /var/log/audit/audit.log
type=AVC msg=audit(1375929680.078:418): avc: denied { write } for pid=2765 comm="dmesg" path="/proc/sys/kernel/printk" dev="proc" ino=24293 scontext=system_u:system_r:dmesg_t:s0 tcontext=system_u:object_r:sysctl_kernel_t:s0 tclass=file
type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1375929680.078:418): arch=c000003e syscall=59 success=yes exit=0 a0=238fdc0 a1=238edb0 a2=238ec40 a3=7fff10e58060 items=0 ppid=2763 pid=2765 auid=4294967295 uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 ses=4294967295 tty=(none) comm="dmesg" exe="/usr/bin/dmesg" subj=system_u:system_r:dmesg_t:s0 key=(null)
[cc@localhost ~]$ sudo semodule -i mypol.pp
semodule: Failed on mypol.pp!
[cc@localhost ~]$ lspci |grep -i VGA
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller (rev 09)
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GF108M [NVS 5400M] (rev ff)
[cc@localhost ~]$

那么恭喜你安装成功

如果想只用独显，那么只要xian在Bios里禁用集显然后按照113 楼操作安装 .run驱动，注：在bios里关闭集显然后启动后不安装.run驱动Ubuntu可以用bumblebee自带的英伟达驱动启动加速，但Fedora启动不了nvidia-settings，什么3D加速和反锯齿选项根本没法设置。请注意：如果想不安装bumblebee-nvidia驱动用bumblebee的主程序却安装.run驱动，实行不通的，弄得根本无法启动到图形界面，只能通过禁用集显登陆，这样又有什么用呢（安装了.run驱动英特尔显卡就不能再开启了），所以如果想以独显模式运行还是老老实实安装英伟达.run驱动吧。

我的thinkpad T430 是开机按zhuF1然后进入bios按方向键选择config—》Display->Graphics Device:Discrete Grap

OS Detection for NVIDIA Optimus：Disabled 按F10（Save and Exit）根据自己的bios视情况而定
原文
If in your notebook is it impossible to turn Intel Graphics / Optimus off in the BIOS then try this procedure for install nvidia driver:

1) First uninstall nvidia driver if installed in fedora 17 from rpmfusion (akmod-nvidia, kmod-nvidia,kmod-nvidia-PAE...) or manual installation (bumblebee 3.0 script install new nvidia driver)

2) blacklist nouveau in /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf

3) move old initramfs


Code: Bash

mv /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r)-nouveau.img


4) recreate initramfs without nouveau


Code: Bash

dracut /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img $(uname -r)


5) From http://install.linux.ncsu.edu/pub/yum/i ... a17/x86_64 (for 64 bit) install
VirtualGL, bbswitch ,bumblebee,primus rpm ( and acpi-handle-hack rpm, only for Lenovo ideapad Y470/Y480/Y570/Y580 or Toshiba Satellite P870 )


6) On fedora 17, type this command as root:


Code: Bash

yum -y --nogpgcheck install http://install.linux.ncsu.edu/pub/yum/i ... noarch.rpm

(from tutorial http://techies.ncsu.edu/wiki/bumblebee-nvidia )

7) Install bumblebee-nvidia rpm from yum (or yumex)

8 ) Reboot pc, now bumblebee-nvidia script compile nvidia driver for kernel in use.

9)Now optimus is ok

10) Usage (from tutorial https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Bumblebee )

The command line programm optirun shipped with bumblebee is your best friend for running applications on your Optimus NVIDIA card.

Test Bumblebee if it works with your Optimus system:


Code: Bash

$ optirun glxgears


If it succeeds and the terminal you are running from mentions something about your NVIDIA - Optimus with Bumblebee is working!

General Usage:


Code: Bash

$ optirun [options] <application> [application-parameters]


Some Examples:

Start Firefox accelerated with Optimus:


Code: Bash

$ optirun firefox


Start Windows applications with Optimus:


Code: Bash

$ optirun wine <windows application>.exe


Use NVIDIA Settings with Optimus:


Code: Bash

$ optirun nvidia-settings -c :8


For a list of options for optirun run:


Code: Bash

$ optirun --help


11) Configuration

You can configure the behaviour of Bumblebee to fit your needs. Fine tuning like speed optimization, power managment and other stuff can be configured in /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf

12) Optimizing Speed

Bumblebee renders frames for your Optimus NVIDIA card in an invisible X Server with VirtualGL and transports them back to your visible X Server.

Frames will be compressed before they are transported - this saves bandwith and can be used for speedup optimization of bumblebee:

To use an other compression method for a single application:


Code: Bash

$ optirun -c <compress-method> application


The method of compres will affect performance in the GPU/GPU usage. Compressed methods (such as jpeg) will load the CPU the most but will load GPU the minimum necessary; uncompressed methods loads the most on GPU and the CPU will have the minimum load possible.

Compressed Methods are: jpeg, rgb, yuv

Uncompressed Methods are: proxy, xv

To use a standard compression for all applications set the VGLTransport to <compress-method> in /etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf

/etc/bumblebee/bumblebee.conf

...
[optirun]
VGLTransport=proxy
...

Note: CPU frequency scaling will affect directly on render performance

13) kernel upgrade with bumblebee

Bumblebee-nvidia script compile nvidia kernel module for new kernel. Is not necessary reinstall bumblebee for kernel upgrade

14) Bumblebee FAQ (from https://github.com/Bumblebee-Project/Bumblebee/wiki/FAQ )

Why do I get a much lower FPS with optirun glxgears in comparison with just glxgears?

Because glxgears is not a benchmarking tool. Try optirun glxspheres instead. For improving the FPS, you could try other transport methods for now, e.g. optirun -c yuv glxspheres. Consult the manual page of optirun for all options. If you get an error mumbling about RGB, pbuffers or NV-GLX, you have likely messed up the installation of the proprietary driver (i.e. nvidia).

15) The Future: Bumblebee-Project + Primus

Primus, developed by Alexander Monakov, brings better performance and less power consumption when using Bumblebee, by replacing VirtualGL (might be integrated into Bumblebee in the future)

Advantages

- Less overhead (better framerates) and cleaner solution (no networking or compression involved at all)
- Only uses/starts secondary GPU for OpenGL parts of applications - everything else remains on your main GPU (power savings)
- Fixes the "bug" that causes Bumblebee to shut down the GPU too early sometimes

How it works

Bumblebee uses VirtualGL to copy the image generated by the second (faster) GPU to your display. VirtualGL was intended for use over a network though, so it takes a great many steps to enable this (compression, sending the image over a network link, decompression, etc).

Primus doesn't perform all these "extra" steps, instead taking a more direct route (copying the rendered image in memory to the other GPU, then displaying there). In theory this should get you better performance as well as better compatibility. Running applications will "see" the OpenGL implementation of your real hardware, nothing virtual is presented to them.

Performance

Bumblebee-Project

Code: Bash

$ optirun glxspheres


60.826453 frames/sec - 67.882321 Mpixels/sec

Code: Bash

$ vblank_mode=0 optirun glxspheres


139.898553 frames/sec - 156.126785 Mpixels/sec


Primus

Code: Bash

$ vblank_mode=0 primusrun glxspheres


290.799630 frames/sec - 324.532388 Mpixels/sec


Manual Installation and faq

If primus rpm does not work then uninstall and performs a manual Installation
You can install it separately AFTER bumblebee

From https://github.com/amonakov/primus

download, build from source and install then use the included primusrun script instead of optirun.
Keep your bumblebee daemon/settings as they have been for optirun, no need to change anything - just replace "optirun" by "primusrun".

下面是非双显卡用户如何安装驱动教程（原文都是图片，我把它打出来了，给点掌声鼓励一下好么？好的！）

地址：http://www.if-not-true-then-false.com/2 ... dia-guide/

This is guide, howto install nVidia proprietary drivers on Fedora 19 “Schrödinger’s Cat” and disable Nouveau driver. This guide works with GeForce 6/7/8/9/200/300/400/500/600/700 series cards. Older GeForce series cards works with 304.xx nVidia drivers and newer 8/9/200/300/400/500/600/700 series cards works with 319.xx nVidia drivers.

Or you know that your computer have NVIDIA Optimus Technology, and it is impossible to turn Intel Graphics / NVDIDIA Optimus off in the BIOS then this guide is not working on your system. Check If !1 0 forums user Viger guide instead (it’s still Fedora 18 version, but might work also with Fedora 19, maybe we get later updated version of this guide) Fedora 18 for NVIDIA Optimus users (with Bumblebee/Primus rpm).

2. Install nVidia proprietary drivers on Fedora 19 “Schrödinger’s Cat” and disable the nouveau driver
2.1 Change root user 切换到root用户
su -
## 或者 ##
sudo -i

2.2 Make sure that you are running latest kernel and have latest SELinux policy packages
If not then update kernel and reboot

yum update kernel* selinux-policy*
reboot

引导界面选择第一个内核进入

然后打开终端，输入su root

2.3 Add RPMFusion Repositories (Free and Non-Free) 添加软件源
32-bit and 64-bit

yum localinstall --nogpgcheck http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fed ... e-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/ ... e-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm

## 或者 ##

yum localinstall --nogpgcheck http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fed ... e-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm
yum localinstall --nogpgcheck http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/ ... e-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm

2.4 Install nVidia proprietary drivers for GeForce 6/7/8/9/200/300/400/500/600/700 series cards
Select akmod, kmod from following.（三中择一即可）

akmod-nvidia for GeForce 8/9/200/300/400/500/600/700 series cards
yum install akmod-nvidia xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-libs

akmod-nvidia-304xx for GeForce 6/7 series cards
yum install akmod-nvidia-304xx xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-304xx-libs

Extra package for kernel-PAE users

yum install kernel-PAE-devel

or

kmod-nvidia for GeForce 8/9/200/300/400/500/600/700 series cards
yum install kmod-nvidia xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-libs

kmod-nvidia-304xx for GeForce 6/7 series cards
yum install kmod-nvidia-304xx xorg-x11-drv-nvidia-304xx-libs

akmod is good option and easy way avoid problems on kernel updates and is best and only option if you use:

self-compiled kernel
older Fedora kernel
quickly changing kernels from updates-testing/rawhide
Full spec of kmod and akmod differences, check this.（下面是介绍，不用管）
Akmods

Akmods

Quick Overview

RPM Fusion/Livna distributes kernel-modules as kmod packages that contain modules precompiled for the latest kernels released by Fedora. That works fine for most people, but it doesn't work on systems with use different kernel -- like a self-compiled kernel, an older Fedora kernel or the quickly changing kernels from updates-testing/rawhide. The kmods-srpms can easily be rebuilt for those kernels using rpmbuild with a kmod-specific parameter that defines what kernel to build the kmod for. But that requires some knowledge of how to build rpms; this is what the script akmods tries to make easier for the end user, as it does all the steps required to build a kmod.rpm for the running kernel from a kmod-srpm.

But the user still needs to do something manually when he needs a kmod for a newly installed kernel. This is what the akmodsd daemon is trying to fix: it's a script normally started from init on bootup that checks if all kmods are present. If a kmod is not found then akmods tries to rebuild kmod.srpms found in a certain place in the filesystem; if that works it will install the rebuilt kmod into the running kernel automatically.

This is similar to dkms, but has one important benefit: one only needs to maintain a single kmod spec file which can be used both in the repos buildsystem and on the clients systems if needed.

2.5 All is done and then just reboot 安装完成，请重起
reboot

2.6 VDPAU/VAAPI support 一种GPU加速支持
To enable video acceleration support for your player (Note: you need Geforce 8 or later).

yum install vdpauinfo libva-vdpau-driver libva-utils

3. Uninstall nVidia proprietary drivers on Fedora 19 “Schrödinger’s Cat” and enable the nouveau driver 卸载NVIDIA驱动安装Nouveau开源驱动
I assume that you installed nVidia driver with this guide, then do following.

3.1 Change root user 切换到root用户
su -
## OR ##
sudo -i

3.2 Uninstall nVidia Driver Packages 卸载NVIDIA驱动
yum remove xorg-x11-drv-nvidia\* nvidia-settings nvidia-xconfig

3.4 Then Reboot System 安装完成，请重起
reboot


注：如果遇到终端下载不了的情况（没有该文件，那么可能是换位置了），请到http://install.linux.ncsu.edu/pub/yum/itecs/public/自行查找

由于gnome3用gnome-shell替代了gnome-panel所以compiz无法运行，这让一些透明效果基于compiz的comky运行时呈现黑色（害得我找了半天才找到原因。。。。另一些支持Gnome3的conky则不受影响）
看来如果喜欢3D特效只能换KDE版本的fedora了。。。。。。
网上找到的一段话：
Compiz doesn't work in gnome 3 because they removed gnome-panel and replaced it with gnome-shell which compiz can't substitute for. Thats were your issues are coming in and you can add things to the desktop. Install gnome-tweak-tool and toggle show desktop icons

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注：nouveau是无法开启3D特效的（起码我的不行），所以务必安装bumblebee驱动或者单独的nvidia驱动，或者你没安bumblebee却开了3D，那是你用集显的驱动开的，不是用nouveau开的，你在bios里把集显禁了，然后再开3D就知道了

然后是开启3D特效
sudo yum install compiz* ccsm fusion-icon

然后仿照之前添加启动项的方法添加启动项
命令为：fusion-icon（图上的不对）

重新启动，你就可以看到3D桌面了，真好（设置开关那些特效请在开始菜单中搜索ccsm，然后选择那个CompizConfig Settings Manager）
BTW：梦寐以求的亚特兰蒂斯特效（桌面养鱼），Emerald Theme Manager（换系统主题的比什么unity/gnome-tweak-tool强大几百倍（单就换主题而言，当然unity/gnome-tweak-tool综合性能较强，毕竟Emerald Theme Manager只是针对主题做修改））有，这就很棒了，比Ubuntu好几倍（特效多几倍）。
如果想立即生效，只需要在开始菜单里打开compiz fusion icon即可（可以用下面的搜索功能查找，比较快）

注：我是用的Gimp里面的文件->创建->屏幕截图 设置好延时后截的

注：截图一旦修改过保存的名称，他便会以该名称自动递增，比如我保存为1.png
下次保存就自动保存为2.jpg，注保存完了界面并不关闭，不要看着最上方数字又递增了，以为是新的截图。。。。。

现在你也看到了开启3D界面后，窗口变得非常难看，下面我们来更改它的主题：

在开始菜单中打开Emerald Theme Manager（不论你用什么方法（右击左下角的Compiz Fusion Icon选择Emerald Theme Manager也可以（前提是3D桌面已启动，不然修改没效果）））
选择Import然后选择*..emerald，这里是：136893-KMacDeco_Aqua_v1.0.emerald

点击一下导入的主题

最终结果：

这个比Gnome3好多了，不用修改注册表，最大化最小化自动显示在左边，而且就整体界面而言，Fedora比Ubuntu清爽许多（也许是蓝色格调的事吧），特别是在这个闷热的夏天，用着尤其舒服，虽然捣鼓辛苦点。。。

对了KDE的任务栏可以像windows一样四周拖动，而且可以在桌面上放些小插件：下面就来讲述：
拖动任务栏：
任务栏空白处右击->Panel Options->Panel Settings

点住Screen Edge并拖动，改变任务栏位置

点击Witdth/Hight改变宽度或高度

More Settings->Center可以缩短任务栏（这个功能很好）

添加小插件：
在桌面空白处右击鼠标->Add Widgets

选择你喜欢的，然后拖动他到桌面

将鼠标放到新添加的桌面小工具上，点住左侧第一个按钮拖动（可以改变小工具的显示大小）

最终效果

Eclipse安装
首先到http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/ ... .html下载jdk（下载rpm包）
安装完了重启
然后在终端中输入java -version试一下
然后在/home/cc/目录下新建文件Hello.java，打开，输入以下内容
public class Hello{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("hello wrold");
}
保存，关闭
打开终端，在终端中输入javac Hello.java（注意，是在/home/and/目录下面新建的Hello.java文件，否则，运行此命令需要先到相应的目录下面去，可以先在终端中试试ls命令，可以列出当前目录的所有文件）
如果没有提示的话，表示编译成功，接下来nihao执行了，输入java Hello
如果输出hello world的话，就表示配置好了，如图：

在终端中输入：
yum install alsa-lib-devel.i686 alsa-lib-devel audiofile-devel.i686 audiofile-devel cups-devel.i686 cups-devel dbus-devel.i686 dbus-devel fontconfig-devel.i686 fontconfig-devel freetype.i686 freetype-devel.i686 freetype-devel giflib-devel.i686 giflib-devel lcms-devel.i686 lcms-devel libICE-devel.i686 libICE-devel libjpeg-turbo-devel.i686 libjpeg-turbo-devel libpng-devel.i686 libpng-devel libSM-devel.i686 libSM-devel libusb-devel.i686 libusb-devel libX11-devel.i686 libX11-devel libXau-devel.i686 libXau-devel libXcomposite-devel.i686 libXcomposite-devel libXcursor-devel.i686 libXcursor-devel libXext-devel.i686 libXext-devel libXi-devel.i686 libXi-devel libXinerama-devel.i686 libXinerama-devel libxml2-devel.i686 libxml2-devel libXrandr-devel.i686 libXrandr-devel libXrender-devel.i686 libXrender-devel libxslt-devel.i686 libxslt-devel libXt-devel.i686 libXt-devel libXv-devel.i686 libXv-devel libXxf86vm-devel.i686 libXxf86vm-devel mesa-libGL-devel.i686 mesa-libGL-devel mesa-libGLU-devel.i686 mesa-libGLU-devel ncurses-devel.i686 ncurses-devel openldap-devel.i686 openldap-devel openssl-devel.i686 openssl-devel zlib-devel.i686 pkgconfig sane-backends-devel.i686 sane-backends-devel xorg-x11-proto-devel glibc-devel.i686 prelink fontforge flex bison libstdc++-devel.i686 pulseaudio-libs-devel.i686 gnutls-devel.i686 libgphoto2-devel.i686 openal-soft-devel openal-soft-devel.i686 isdn4k-utils-devel.i686 gsm-devel.i686 samba-winbind libv4l-devel.i686 cups-devel.i686 libtiff-devel.i686 gstreamer-devel.i686 gstreamer-plugins-base-devel.i686 gettext-devel.i686 libmpg123-devel.i686
(不安可能会报错)
打开http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html下载ADT Bundle
解压到你的主文件夹下比如/home/cc下就行了然后
在桌面创建快捷方式（先用gimp把 xpm格式的图标文件转换为png就行其余什么都不用动（名字不变）如果要省事我这里有下载（对着图片右键->另存为）

icon.png (53.72 KiB) 查看 14264 次

注意放到：/home/cc/adt-bundle-linux-x86_64-20130729/eclipse）
用文件浏览器打开桌面文件夹，新建一个名叫Eclipse.desktop的文件

对着它右击鼠标->Open With->KWrite

粘贴下面的内容
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Eclipse
Comment=Eclipse
Exec=/home/cc/adt-bundle-linux-x86_64-20130729/eclipse/eclipse
Icon=/home/cc/adt-bundle-linux-x86_64-20130729/eclipse/icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Development;
保存，关闭

点击它

弹出的对话框中选择Continue

或者
设置他的属性为可执行

然后把他拖动到桌面

另一种新建快捷方式的方法：
在/home/cc/桌面空白处右击鼠标->Creat New->Link to Application

名称处填上Eclipse

Application->Name和Comment处都填Eclipse->点击Command后面的Brose并选择eclipse可执行程序

右击建好的快捷方式->属性

点击那个带问号的图标

Other icons -> 浏览

选择icon.png

右击桌面->Add Widgets

搜索Folder View

拖动到桌面

点击右边/左边的小钳子图标

Specify a folder->选择桌面

选择OK

结果：

最终结果：

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下面安装Photoshop CS6：
到http://rpm.playonlinux.com/下载playonlinux-yum-4-1.noarch.rpm并安装
然后打开终端输入：
su root
sudo yum install playonlinux
sudo yum install mesa*.i686
运行PlayonLinux
所有能点接受的都点接受
然后Tools->Manage Wine versions

点击向右的箭头添加wine-1.7.0，顺便把64位的1.7.0版本的wine装上（此处不再演示）

安装完后点击Install

选择左下角的Install a non-list program

选择第一个：Install a program in a new virtual drive

输入Photoshop

三个选项都选上

选择1.7.0版本的wine

选择第一个：安装32位windows程序

Windows版本选择Win7

然后选择下面列出的所有库
FontSmoothRGB & BGR, amstream, atmlib, cc580, Microsoft Core Fonts（这个没有，可能是因为一开始已经提示并安装了的原因）, d3dx11, dinput, dinput8, directx9, gdiplus, gecko, IE6, mdac28, mono28, msvc80, msxml3, msxml6, physx, pngfilt, riched 20/30, vcrun2008/2005/2010, VideoDriver, xact, xinput.
如提示下面这个，请点击I agree

所有库安装完了选择：浏览

选择PhotoShop安装文件：Adobe Photoshop CS6 Extended 32位(自动安装版).exe

Next进行安装

对不起。。。我的安装程序崩溃了。。。。。
禁用3D特效（删除那个fusion-icon的启动项）
这次选择Edit or update an existing application

点击Show virtual drives->Photoshop

三个选项全选上

选择1.7.0版本的wine

32位

Win7

库不用安装了（已经装过了）

选择安装文件

不要做任何点击界面按钮动作，务必！！！（超时自动安装，否则你这个安装程序就失败了）

安装完成

选择快捷方式图标

设置快捷方式名称

这个不用管，直接下一步

删除多余的快捷方式

点击快捷方式运行

所有报错不要管

第二栏->首选项->常规

设置界面语言为英语

完工：

其实也能使中文：
打开playonlinux主界面，选中Photoshop，然后点击Configure

Miscellaneous->Open a shell

打开终端，输入：
wget http://winetricks.org/winetricks（关键点貌似不是这，也许这一步可以省略，不过执行完这步后，字体变得好看了）
chmod +x winetricks
su root
mv /home/cc/winetricks /usr/bin
然后下载winetricks的allfronts.tar.gz解压到/home/cc/.cache文件夹下

然后在那个playonlinux的终端中输入winetricks allfonts 回车（很快就完了）

然后在那个playonlinux的终端中输入regedit
最关键的一步，在终端中输入regedit找到HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows
NT\CurrentVersion\FontSubstitutes并设置出了默认的那个不设置之外全都设成你想要的字体（英文名）比如这里是：simsun

关闭注册表和playonlinux的终端还有playonlinux config的窗口
下载simsun.ttc并安装（选择System（personal选项是只为你自己安装，不为本机的其他用户安装））

然后启动photoshop，设置界面语言为中文（或者你没设置成英文或压根就没启动，那么请跳过此步）
启动/重启Photoshop
中文界面出现：

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安装QQ旋风

下载QQDownload_Setup.zip解压，然后双击exe文件安装，安装目录默认
然后安装下载地址侦测插件Xthunder
打开火狐->工具->附加组件，搜索xthunder

安装完后重启，设置首选项

关联全部链接

取消全部下载工具关联，并点击：新增，名称QQ旋风，程序->浏览

对着空白处右击->显示隐藏文件

找到/home/cc/.wine/Program Files（x86）/Tencent->QQDownload/QQDownload.exe

点击完成，完成添加

看看，能下载了

没有迅雷无法下载到100%的问题

修改下载路径，让他下载到/home/cc/下载中

解决搜索引擎没有百度的问题
点击搜索工具条上的小三角->管理搜索引擎

获取更多搜索引擎

搜索baidu，并安装

解决KDE单击打开文件的问题
在Kde菜单“System Settings”，“Input Device”里，鼠标一栏，勾选双击打开设置。

安装.run驱动

到英伟达官网下载相应显卡的linux驱动
http://www.nvidia.cn/Download/index.aspx?lang=cn
下载时网页显示是文本的形式，对着他右键->页面另存为，保存在主目录，名称为qd.run（打开下载页面后很卡，所以一开始下载就赶紧把那个文本网页关闭，防止卡死），下载完后加上执行权限，然后打开终端输入：
su root
sudo yum install gcc
sudo yum update
sudo yum install kernel* selinux-policy*（貌似没用，反而会安装一些垃圾 ）
sudo yum install kernel-devel
reboot
选择第一个内核进入，然后新开一个终端输入
su root
sudo mv /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r)-nouveau.img
sudo dracut --omit-drivers nouveau /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img $(uname -r)
不知道红字部分为什么需要重启一遍后再执行一遍这个再重启执行下一步安装才能顺利进行。。。。。
2.重新启动，在选择内核界面选择第一个，按 e 键进行编辑，在 kernel 行未添加 3 这个参数。

比如我的 kernel 行就是从

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.31.1-56.fc12.i686.PAE ro root=UUID=0a86cf1f-ea02-4016-9c15-c9c537489eaf LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rhgb quiet

修改成

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.31.1-56.fc12.i686.PAE ro root=UUID=0a86cf1f-ea02-4016-9c15-c9c537489eaf LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rhgb quiet 3

完成后按ctrl+x引导

输入你的用户名root和密码
然后输入
sudo sh /home/cc/qd.run

Accept->Yes->Yes->OK

如果驱动安装过程中提示找不到内核文件，那么就用这个命令（前提是：这个内核你已经安装了）：sudo sh qd.run --kernel-source-path=/usr/src/kernels/3.10.4-300.fc19.x86_64（适合已经进入内核安装的步骤时才发现内核没升级，临时在文本界面升级了内核，然后sudo sh /home/cc/qd.run，却发现安装说找不到内核的情况）
注：内核随时在升级，所以添加目录前请先ls /usr/src/kernels看看你的内核是不是3.10.4-300.fc19.x86_64

去除NVIDIA开机Logo打开终端输入
sudo nvidia-settings
X Server Display Configuration->Save to X Configuration File

默认路径不要动

新开一个终端输入
sudo kwrite /etc/X11/xorg.conf
找到Section "Device"在EndSection前添加：
Option "NoLogo"
Option "RegistryDwords" "EnableBrightnessControl=1"
(注：开启亮度调节)
注意：
最左侧对齐（新加的命令和之前的左对齐）！不然会导致
用wine 模拟photoshop CS4时崩溃（一运行就注销）
Option "NoLogo" "True" 中true是多余的添加后好像也会导致崩溃

黑conky问题终于解决了，真高兴！

原因：

One of the most common comments we see is about how KDE is not very friendly with conky transparency. Transparency in KDE is a bit tricky due to how the desktop layer is actually handled. The best way I have found to handle this is to use a program like “feh”.

sudo apt-get install feh

In KDE 3 the following code is advised to get around this problem… simply add it to your conkyrc.

${texeci 600 feh --bg-scale 'dcop kdesktop KBackgroundIface currentWallpaper 1'}

and indeed entering the following into conky works regardless of what version of kde you use!

${texeci 600 feh --bg-scale '/path/to/my/wallpaper'}

Of course this means we have to edit the .conkyrc each time we change the wallpaper.

We’ll pause here, because I hear the saltier of you saying “Why use texeci?”

I suggest using texeci instead of execi because it allows conky to continue drawing without waiting for feh to finish. I suggest using texeci instead of texec because in the event that you change your wallpaper you will want feh to trigger again with the updated info. (This info is not written to the config file often in KDE4 though, so you may find the background mismatches for hours at a time… thus the long pause in the KDE4 version.)

Moving on... I have found that the latest version of KDE4 works with the following command:

${texeci 3600 feh --bg-scale "`grep 'wallpaper=' ~/.kde/share/config/plasma-desktop-appletsrc | head -n1 | tail --bytes=+11`"}

However, you may find that this does not work for your particupar version of KDE4. I have noticed that older builds of KDE4 saved their wallpaper info in different places. Try one of these commands, instead:

${texeci 3600 feh --bg-scale "`grep 'wallpaper=' ~/.kde/share/config/plasma-appletsrc | tail -n1 | tail --bytes=+11`"}

${texeci 3600 feh --bg-scale "`grep 'wallpaper=' ~/.kde4/share/config/plasma-appletsrc | tail --bytes=+11`"}

上面的命令不好用，所以我们这样操作：

选好壁纸，然后设置为桌面背景选择你的壁纸（如果壁纸名称不是desktop，要改名）：desktop，在桌面空白处右击鼠标->Default Desktop Settings->OK 上面的Open按钮->导入后选中导入的那个图片的预览图 ->OK，然后我们来进行下一步操作：

1.安装feh

su root
sudo yum install feh

2.配置Conky,即修改.conkyrc这个文件,在最后加上:

${exec feh --bg-scale "/home/cc/desktop.png"} #注：png改成jpg也行

3. 如果你开启了3D桌面，那么还要做如下操作：
A\Start the CompizConfig Settings Manager （打开CompizConfig-Settings-Manager ）
B\Select Effects > Window Decoration （特效->窗口装饰）
C\Go into Shadow windows box and after the value any add & !(class=Conky) to apply this rule to all windows except Conky （阴影窗口->点击旁边的加号->在“值”那一栏输入 & !(class=Conky) ->添加）

最终截图：

参考网站：
http://askubuntu.com/questions/259290/s ... d-behavior
http://my.oschina.net/soge1988/blog/1851

BTW：kde下的conky：karamba
下载地址：http://kde-look.org/index.php?xsortmode ... =38&page=0
。。。都知道gnome-look，今天算是开眼了，居然还有kde-look，是不是还有xface-look呢？？？。。。搜了一下还真有。。。。又搜了一下，没有lxde-look。。。

改变开机蓝条问题和万年不变难看的grub2黑色背景
解决启动时的蓝白条条问题
在grub2引导界面的最新内核（第一个）按c，出现grub>
输入：
set pager=1
insmod vbe
vbeinfo
按回车可以查看更多支持色深（你就一直按回车直到他出完不就完了？）
查看你的显卡驱动支持的分辨率和色深（一般市面上的色深现在都是32位的，分辨率你肯定知道）
然后按Esc
回车，启动
打开终端，输入
su root
sudo grub2-mkfont --output=/boot/grub2/fonts/DejaVuSansMono.pf2 --size=24 /usr/share/fonts/dejavu/DejaVuSansMono.ttf
sudo kwrite /etc/default/grub
在文件末尾添加：
GRUB_VIDEO_BACKEND="vbe"
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="gfxterm"
GRUB_FONT_PATH="/boot/grub2/fonts/DejaVuSansMono.pf2"
GRUB_GFXMODE="1366x768x32"（换成你自己的分辨率）
注：你可以换成你喜欢的字体，只要把/boot/grub2/fonts/DejaVuSansMono.pf2 中的DejaVuSansMono改成你设置的字体名，然后把/usr/share/fonts/dejavu/DejaVuSansMono.ttf设成你自己字体的路径（最好mv到/usr/share/新建一个文件夹中），当然"/boot/grub2/DejaVuSansMono.pf2"这里也要改。
备份旧的文件：
sudo cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg /boot/grub2/grub.cfg.bkp
使新的文件生效：
sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
至此，分辨率正常，蓝白启动条消失。

解决难看的黑色grub2背景问题
su root
sudo mkdir /usr/share/images/
sudo mkdir /usr/share/images/desktop-base
下载你喜欢的图片到/home/cc/下载中重命名为desktop-grub.jpg或desktop-grub.png
cd /home/cc/下载
sudo mv desktop-grub.jpg或desktop-grub.png /usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.jpg或desktop-grub.png
在/etc/default/grub的最后加上（sudo kwrite /etc/default/grub）：
GRUB_BACKGROUND=/usr/share/images/desktop-base/desktop-grub.jpg或desktop-grub.png
保存关闭，然后在终端中输入：
sudo grub2-mkconfig
sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
使更改生效
效果图：

更改plymouth开关机动画：
sudo yum install plymouth-theme*
[cc@localhost ~]$ plymouth-set-default-theme --list
charge
details
fade-in
hot-dog
script
solar
spinfinity
spinner
text
[cc@localhost ~]$
输入下面的命令进行更改：
sudo plymouth-set-default-theme details
输入下面的命令使更改生效：
sudo /usr/libexec/plymouth/plymouth-update-initrd
最终效果：

IRC
su root
sudo yum install pidgin
打开pidgin 账号->管理账号->添加

协议IRC，地址irc.freenode.org，用户名XXX，密码****，记住密码打钩，本地别名不用填
注：org是英文fedora的IRC聊天室，net是中文的聊天室，一般选择org

高级->端口：8001
注：我是因为6667不能用才改的8001，如果能用最好不要改

工具->首选项->浏览器->FireFox

好友->加入聊天 频道#fedora，密码自己设定一个，最好和你用户名密码一样，方便记忆

/msg NickServ identify 账户密码
/msg NickServ REGISTER 账户密码 密保邮箱
然后打开你的邮箱，应该收到一封验证邮件，复制其中的命令到NickServ

能聊天了，如果不能聊天重启一下就行了

Chrome 囗囗

sudo yum install gcc

二、安装python

要运行goagent首先必须安装了python，推荐使用python2.7,如果没有python，使用命令

方法1：从源安装

sudo yum install python

方法2：从源码安装

wget http://python.org/ftp/python/2.7.5/Python-2.7.5.tar.bz2 && tar jxvf Python-2.7.5.tar.bz2 && cd Python-2.7.5 && ./configure && make && sudo make install

三、安装gevent

第一步：使用以下命令进行安装，需要安装了 gcc 或 xcode 需要在安装Python-dev这个包之后才能正确安装gevent和上传server

sudo yum install python-devel curl

安装gevent（1.0rc2），系统源中gevent版本过低，会出现错误

sudo yum install python-gevent

四、安装pyopensssl

第一步：PyOpenSSL是OpenSSL的python接口，用于提供加密传输支持(SSL)，如果没用该模组，会导致goagent无法生成证书而影响使用。
若系统没有openssl，先安装openssl：
sudo yum install wget
wget http://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-1.0.1c.tar.gz
tar zxvf openssl-1.0.1c.tar.gz
cd openssl-1.0.1c
#设定Openssl 安装，( --prefix )参数为欲安装之目录，也就是安装后的档案会出现在该目录下
./config --prefix=/root/openssl
make && sudo make install

第二步：安装pyopenssl（0.13）

方法1、从源安装,如果源中有的话

sudo yum install pyOpenSSL

五、安装gtk托盘所需模组

要正常使用gtk托盘，需要安装以下软件包

sudo yum install python-appindicator vte

其他发行版请自行根据对应系统安装命令安装所需软件
上传

六、下载goagent（https://code.google.com/p/goagent/），解压，终端cd至goagent所在目录

cd至server目录下，终端执行

python uploader.zip

根据提示输入你自己创建的appid（若要同时上传多appid在appid之间用|隔开）和你的Gmail帐号和密码(如果开启了两步验证，密码为16位的应用程序专用密码）

cc@thinkpad:~$ cd /home/cc/下载/goagent-3.0/server
cc@thinkpad:~/下载/goagent-3.0/server$ python uploader.zip
===============================================================
GoAgent服务端部署程序, 开始上传 python 应用文件夹
Linux/Mac 用户, 请使用 python uploader.zip 来上传应用
Windows 用户, uploader.exe 的审查方法请见 github.com/goagent/pybuild
===============================================================

请输入您的appid, 多个appid请用|号隔开
注意：appid 请勿包含 android/ios 字样，否则可能被某些网站识别成移动设备。

APPID:你注册的登录ID（不是邮箱哦！）
Application:
Host: appengine.google.com
Rolling back the update.
Email: 输入你的gmail邮箱
Password for 邮箱:
Application: ; version: 1
Host: appengine.google.com

Starting update of app: , version: 1
Scanning files on local disk.
Email: 再输一遍gmail邮箱
Password for 邮箱:
Cloning 1 static file.
Cloning 6 application files.
Uploading 1 files and blobs.
Uploaded 1 files and blobs
Compilation starting.
Compilation completed.
Starting deployment.
Checking if deployment succeeded.
Deployment successful.
Checking if updated app version is serving.
Completed update of app: , version: 1

上传成功，请不要忘记编辑proxy.ini把你的appid填进去，谢谢。按回车键退出程序。
敲回车退出，然后打开proxy.ini，然后在appid =填上你刚才注册的登录ID（亲！不是邮箱！）
点击宽带图标，选择有线宽带（非Wifi）点击出来下图界面，选择Manage Connections

Additional DNS Serves处填上8.8.8.8

设置->扩展程序->浏览该程序库

搜索SwitchySharp，选择第一个下载

安完后会弹出一个页面，选择导入导出，在最底下的页面输入https://goagent.googlecode.com/files/SwitchyOptions.bak

保存

3.修改local\proxy.ini中的[gae]下的appid=你的appid(多appid请用|隔开) ，并输入密码

cd 到goagent的local目录下，执行sudo python proxy.py，第一次执行一定要加sudo（因为导入证书要用到root权限）

效果图

设置主页为百度，这样用地址栏搜索使用谷歌，用主页搜索使用百度，很方便嘛，比火狐好不少

注：如果添加了dns：8.8.8.8/8.8.4.4之后也许谷歌应用中心打不开了，那去掉那个dns就能打开了

[243750496]

OSD lyrics
安装osdlyrics-0.4.3-1.fc17.x86_64.rpm
开始菜单->Application->Multimedia->Lyrics Show

安装Deepin Music

sudo yum remove amarok

下载网盘中的Deepin music memory leak.tar.gz并解压

sudo yum install freetype-devel fontconfig-devel numpy libglade atk-devel pango-devel cairo-gobject-devel gdk-pixbuf2-devel libXi-devel at-spi2-atk-devel python3-gobject pygobject3-devel pygobject2-devel libpng-devel libxml libxml2-devel xorg-x11-fonts* gcc glibc-headers gcc-c++ at-spi-devel at-spi2-core-devel pango libxslt-devel bison flex orc-devel gstreamer-plugins-base-devel.x86_64 gstreamer-devel sonata（python-mmkeys别名）

export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/lib64/pkgconfig/
安装顺序：
glib->gtk+->libglade->gst-plugins-bad-multiverse0.10_0.10.21.orig
安装任务管理器方便后面查看deepin music占用的内存
sudo yum install mate-system-monitor
sudo rm /usr/share/applications/kde4/ksysguard.desktop
sudo kwrite /usr/share/applications/mate-system-monitor.desktop
删除下面这一行
OnlyShowIn=MATE;
保存，关闭
sudo yum install glibc-devel cairo-devel glib-devel libsoup webkitgtk-devel debconf python gtk2 python-pillow python-xlib python3-scipy python-setuptools python3-cairo-devel numpy-f2py.x86_64 python-devel glib2-devel python-CDDB python-pycurl python-pyquery python-chardet python-mutagen python-xlib gstreamer-plugins-good python-mutagen gstreamer-python scipy python-keybinder pycairo-devel gcc python-cssselect
sudo rpm -ivh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fed ... noarch.rpm
sudo yum -y install gstreamer-ffmpeg gstreamer-plugins-bad gstreamer-plugins-ugly

其他的安装包解压后（除了pygtk和deepin-music-player）
分别进入上面一步解压后的目录执行安装：
sudo python setup.py install

打上防止内存溢出的补丁(xue xi da bao rpm)
sudo yum install @development-tools
sudo yum install fedora-packager
sudo /usr/sbin/useradd mockbuild
sudo usermod -a -G mock mockbuild
sudo passwd mockbuild
注销后进入mockbuild账户，打开终端输入：
rpmdev-setuptree（没有sudo！）
下载pygtk2开发者包：
sudo yumdownloader --source pygtk2
安装：
rpm -ivh pygtk2-2.24.0-7.fc19.src.rpm （没有sudo！）
下载我提供的10_fix_create_layout_unref.patch
移动到 /home/mockbuild/rpmbuild/SOURCES

打开 /home/mockbuild/rpmbuild/SPECS/pygtk2.spec
照下图仿制输入
Patch1: 10_fix_create_layout_unref.patch

%patch1 -p1

cd /home/mockbuild/rpmbuild/SPECS
rpmbuild -ba pygtk2.spec（没有sudo！）
最终结果如下图所示, 选择目录：/home/mockbuild/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64文件夹下的第一个文件，用U盘拷走

回到刚才切换前的账户（我的是cc）
将pygtk2-2.24.0-7.fc19.x86_64.rpm从U盘中拷到主文件夹下
打开终端输入
sudo rpm -ivh pygtk2-2.24.0-7.fc19.x86_64.rpm --froce（用force以替换原先安装的pygtk2）
注：很有用的命令：yum-builddep PACKAGE_NAME（比如：yum-builddep pygtk2 （貌似gtk+用这个版本安装的显示版本太旧）所以还是用我的方法吧（毕竟依赖什么的都在里头））yum-builddep 是fedora下的 build-dep

解压deepin-music-player_1+git20130802171856~9bc971c90c.tar.gz 或者 sudo tar zxvf deepin-music-player_1+git20130802171856~9bc971c90c.tar.gz -C /
第二种方法用于防止意外删除

sudo mv /deepin-music-player-1+git20130802171856~9bc971c90c /deepin-music-player

cd /deepin-music-player/tools
sudo python generate_mo.py 反正找到generate_mo.py用root权限执行就行

安装百度音乐插件
cd /deepin-music-player
./dmusic（如果不先运行一下会缺少插件目录导致百度音乐插件无法安装）
sudo yum install Cython webkitgtk-devel git pywebkitgtk
注：如果不安装pywebkitgtk，用终端启动dmusic会报如下错误：[cc@localhost deepin-music-player-1+git20130802171856~9bc971c90c]$ ./dmusic
** Message: pygobject_register_sinkfunc is deprecated (GstObject)
INFO Loading settings...
INFO Loading application theme...
INFO Loading MediaDB...
INFO Initialize Gui...
GLib-GIO-Message: Using the 'memory' GSettings backend. Your settings will not be saved or shared with other applications.
INFO MMKeys mode: None
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/deepin-music-player-1+git20130802171856~9bc971c90c/src/plugins.py", line 119, in enable_plugin
plugin = self.load_plugin(plugin_name)
File "/deepin-music-player-1+git20130802171856~9bc971c90c/src/plugins.py", line 81, in load_plugin
plugin = imp.load_source(plugin_name, os.path.join(path,'__init__.py'))
File "/home/cc/.local/share/deepin-music-player/plugins/baidumusic/__init__.py", line 4, in <module>
from music_browser import MusicBrowser
File "/home/cc/.local/share/deepin-music-player/plugins/baidumusic/music_browser.py", line 6, in <module>
from dtk.ui.browser import WebView
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/dtk-0.1-py2.7.egg/dtk/ui/browser.py", line 23, in <module>
import webkit
ImportError: No module named webkit
WARNING Unable to enable plugin baidumusic
No module named webkit
INFO Start quit...
INFO Exiting...
INFO Exit successful.
结果是：百度音乐插件无法启用

git clone https://github.com/sumary/pyjavascriptcore.git
cd pyjavascriptcore
sudo python setup.py install

git clone https://github.com/sumary/dmusic-plugin-baidumusic.git
cd dmusic-plugin-baidumusic
cp -r baidumusic ~/.local/share/deepin-music-player/plugins/

在桌面新建快捷方式会吧，这就不说了，前面Eclipse有新建快捷方式的教程

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Deepin Music
Name[zh_CN]=深度音乐
Comment=Play your music collection
Comment[zh_CN]=为您播放本地及网络音频流
GenericName=Music Player
Exec=/deepin-music-player/dmusic
Icon=/deepin-music-player/image/logo
Type=Application
Categories=AudioVideo;Player;GTK;
MimeType=application/x-ogg;application/ogg;audio/x-vorbis+ogg;audio/x-scpls;audio/x-mp3;audio/x-mpeg;audio/mpeg;audio/x-mpegurl;audio/x-flac;

注：如果还没有图标（透明的图标，什么都没有）就chmod 777 /deepin-music-player/image/logo.ico之后再保存一次

点击快捷方式
点击右上角，下拉小三角->选项设置->附加组件->选上百度音乐

打开Application->System->System Monitor

[243750496]

此楼留给Softimage 2014 和Maya 2014安装

Ark是无法解压RAR的，我一开始很纳闷，其他的压缩包打开都很快，为什么rar这么慢，一查才发现，Ark只是写出来支持Rar装装样子，实际并不能解压，所以，在安装softimage2014和maya2014之前需要先安装rar
　　一. 下载RAR for Linux
　　下载地址: http://www.rarlab.com/download.htm
　　选择RAR 5.00 beta 8 for Linux x64下载
　　二. 解压软件包
　　将该文件解压到/usr/local目录下
　　cd /home/cc/下载
　　tar xzvf rarlinux-x64-5.0.b8.tar.gz
　　su root
　　sudo mv rar /usr/local
　　三. 创建符号联接
　　查看/usr/local/rar目录,发现已经有rar和unrar两个程序,不用编译就可以直接使用了.为方便使用,在/usr/bin里创建两个符号连接,已便在终端下可以直接使用rar及unrar命令。
　　 sudo ln -s /usr/local/rar/rar /usr/bin/rar
　　 sudo ln -s /usr/local/rar/unrar /usr/bin/unrar
BTW：Dolphin自带终端插件

下面来解压压缩包：右击任意一个压缩包->Extract->选择第一个（第一个和第三个好像都行）。注：双击打开是看不到文件的！

Softimage2014安装：

打开/home/cc/下载/Softimage-2014-linux64（此处我是选择在NewFolder中，注意：安装目录不能有空格，不然安装rpm包的时候找不到源文件）
在下面的终端中输入
su root
sudo yum install tcsh
输入：tcsh（很重要，不做这步，后面会安装失败！）
sudo ./setup
注：他会跟着你的目录的变化而变化
实在不行就cd /home/cc/下载/Softimage-2014-linux64
然后再输入sudo ./setup

选择Continue

I ACCEPT

默认目录不要动，然后OK

第一个，Typical Install

验证类型：Network

输入127.0.0.1->Add

Done

只要下面显示几个软件包都安装了就选Done

如果出现下面这个，也不用管

Maya安装
打开/home/cc/下载/Maya2014_Install（此处我是选择在NewFolder中，注意：安装目录不能有空格或中文，不然无法安装！！！！！！！！！）
就像这样报错：

在下面的终端中输入：
su root
sudo ./setup
注：他会跟着你的目录的变化而变化
实在不行就cd /home/cc/下载/Maya2014_Install
然后再输入sudo ./setup

点击继续

接受->继续

单机版，666-69696969，657F1

继续

破解：
下载CrackForMaya2014和CrackForSoftimage2014放在/home/cc/下载/crack中
双击打开，使用替换功能将cc替换为你的用户名
保存，关闭
加上执行权限

然后在下面的终端中输入
sudo yum install libpng12.x86_64 redhat-lsb libXp.x86_64
/opt/flexnetserver/lmutil lmhostid hostname
/opt/flexnetserver/lmutil lmhostid ether
打开lic.dat，将下面这一行，按如图所示进行修改
SERVER=127.0.0.1 HOSTNAME FLEXnet host ID

保存，关闭
然后在下面的终端中输入
sudo cp ~/NewFolder/Maya2014_Install/libadlmPIT* /usr/lib/libadlmPIT.so.7
sudo cp ~/NewFolder/Maya2014_Install/libadlmutil* /usr/lib/libadlmutil.so.7
sudo chmod 777 /usr/lib/libadlmPIT.so.7
sudo chmod 777 /usr/lib/libadlmutil.so.7
sudo ./CrackForMaya2014
sudo ./CrackForSoftimage2014
sudo ln -s /usr/lib64/libtiff.so.5 /usr/lib64/libtiff.so.3
sudo rm -rf /usr/Softimage/Softimage_2014_SP2/Application/mainwin/mw/lib-amd64_linux/X11
sudo yum install mesa-libGLw gamin audiofile audiofile-devel e2fsprogs-libs xorg-x11-fonts-ISO8859*
注：下面终端中的目录应该是自动变的，如果没变，请cd到你的破解文件所在目录

为了方便启动，我们来新建快捷方式：
打开/home/cc/桌面，在空白处右击鼠标Creat New->Text File

新建一个名为Maya.desktop的空白文档

对着新建好的快捷方式右击->Open With->KWrite

复制下面内容：
[Desktop Entry]

Name=Maya

Type=Application

Comment=Run Autodesk Maya 2014

Categories=Application;Graphics

Icon=/usr/autodesk/maya2014-x64/icons/mayaico.png

Exec=/usr/autodesk/maya/bin/maya

Encoding=UTF-8

保存

对着出来图标的快捷方式右击->Properties

加上执行权限

下面是Softimage（我就不再提供示范了）：

命名为Softimage.desktop

[Desktop Entry]

Name=Softimage
#注：如果这两处不一样（即这行和文件名不一样），会自动选择此处的文件名（此行勿复制）

Type=Application

Comment=Run Autodesk Softimage 2014

Categories=Application;Graphics

Icon=/usr/Softimage/Softimage_2014_SP2/XSISDK/examples/workgroup/Addons/ConstraintOps/netview_ConstraintOps.jpg

Exec=/usr/Softimage/Softimage_2014_SP2/Application/bin/xsi

Encoding=UTF-8

#注：如果你日后对这个快捷方式重命名了，那么你以后新建一个叫Autodesk Softimage 2014.desktop 的文件时就会提示存在同名文件，就是因为虽然文件名看起来改了，但实际还是以Name=Autodesk Softimage 2014为准，所以要修改就在属性中去掉执行权限，然后开终端输入sudo gedit 然后拖动该文件到终端，编辑完后保存，然后再加上执行权限就可以了！


解决冲突的快捷键
Window Behavior->Window Action->Modifier Key->Meta->OK
其实，就是把按住alt点击鼠标左键拖动窗口改为了按super键（Win键（打开开始菜单的那个键））和鼠标左键

如果开启Compiz的话要这样做：打开ccsm，找到移动窗口，设置为禁用

还有不透明度亮度饱和度中快捷键也要禁用

参考文章：http://www.pixelcg.com/blog/?p=1080

运行快捷方式前请输入
/opt/flexnetserver/lmgrd

运行效果图：

话说原生就是好，没有不export libGL目录就会崩溃的问题，也没有softimage快捷方式运行会崩溃问题。
提醒：Bumblebee是运行不了Softimage的！不论你是用optirun还是primusrun！Maya倒是可以运行，所以只要安装Softimage还是老老实实的安装.run驱动吧

注：primusrun能提高fps（帧数），具体原因请看下面英文原文


Primus: Better Performance And Less Power Consumption For Bumblebee [Optimus Hybrid Graphics Chipsets]


Nvidia Optimus is a technology used to increases battery life by switching between two graphics adapters (a low-performance integrated Intel graphics adapter and a high-performance one by Nvidia) within a computer system. Optimus GPU switching is officially only supported on Windows, but it's also unofficially available on Linux thanks to the Bumblebee project.

Primus brings better performance and less power consumption when using Bumblebee, by replacing VirtualGL. According to the Bumblebee G+ page, this has the following advantages over the optirun (VirtualGL) solution used by default in Bumblebee:

Less overhead (better framerates) and cleaner solution (no networking or compression involved at all)
Fixes the "bug" that causes Bumblebee to shut down the GPU too early sometimes (no more need for the "optirun bash" workaround)
Less buggy/glitchy, easier to debug
Only uses/starts secondary GPU for OpenGL parts of applications - everything else remains on your main GPU (power savings)


The Bumblebee developers explain what Primus does and the difference between Primus / optirun in simple terms in a comment on their G+ page:

Bumblebee uses VirtualGL to copy the image generated by the second (faster) GPU to your display. VirtualGL was intended for use over a network though, so it takes a great many steps to enable this (compression, sending the image over a network link, decompression, etc).

Primus doesn't perform all these "extra" steps, instead taking a more direct route (copying the rendered image in memory to the other GPU, then displaying there). In theory this should get you better performance as well as better compatibility. Running applications will "see" the OpenGL implementation of your real hardware, nothing virtual is presented to them.


For comparison, here are the framerates I get on my laptop when using the integrated Intel graphics, when using the Nvidia graphics card using optirun and using primusrun (this is just for FPS and not an indicator for the whole performance!):

glxspheres intel gpu
Integrated (Intel) graphics

glxspheres optirun bumblebee
optirun (default in Bumblebee) using the Nvidia GPU

glxspheres primusrun bumblebee
Primus using the Nvidia GPU

As you can see, the FPS using Primus is a lot better than using the integrated graphics or using optirun with the Nvidia GPU.

Note: I've used "vblank_mode=0 primusrun" instead of simply running "primusrun" because that was recommended by the Primus GitHub page for benchmarking. Without it, I get just 60 FPS because of vblank synchronisation.

Update: Primus has been integrated into Bumblebee and is now available in the Bumblebee Ubuntu PPA.



How to install Primus for Bumblebee in Ubuntu


Update: Primus is now available in the Bumblebee Stable PPA. To add the Bumblebee PPA and install Primus and Bumblebee, use the following commands:

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bumblebee/stable
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install bumblebee bumblebee-nvidia primus

64bit: you also need to install the "primus-libs-ia32:i386" package:

sudo apt-get install primus-libs-ia32:i386


For other Linux distributions, see the Bumblebee Wiki for installation instructions.

Once installed, use "primusrun APP", to launch an application or game - this works just like the "optirun" command available in Bumblebee ("APP" is the application or game executable which you want to run using the Nvidia GPU). You can also use "bumblebee -b primus APP".

原文地址：http://www.webupd8.org/2012/11/primus-b ... -less.html

最新破解版是Maya2014_SP2&Softimage2014_SP2网盘已提供源文件和破解文件（实际就是改个破解目录）

网盘地址：http://pan.baidu.com/share/link?shareid ... =353364615

[243750496]

vsftp配置指南

安装vsftpd：
sudo yum install vsftpd
sudo kwrite /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
命令解释：
listen=<YES/NO> :设置为YES时vsftpd以独立运行方式启动，设置为NO时以xinetd方式启动（xinetd是管理守护进程的，将服务集中管理，可以减少大量服务的资源消耗）
listen_port=<port> :设置控制连接的监听端口号，默认为21
listen_address=<ip address> :将在绑定到指定IP地址运行，适合多网卡
connect_from_port_20=<YES/NO> :若为YES，则强迫FTP－DATA的数据传送使用port 20，默认YES
pasv_enable=<YES/NO> :是否使用被动模式的数据连接，如果客户机在防火墙后，请开启为YES
pasv_min_port=<n>
pasv_max_port=<m> :设置被动模式后的数据连接端口范围在n和m之间,建议为50000－60000端口
message_file=<filename> :设置使用者进入某个目录时显示的文件内容，默认为 .message
dirmessage_enable=<YES/NO> :设置使用者进入某个目录时是否显示由message_file指定的文件内容
ftpd_banner=<message> :设置用户连接服务器后的显示信息，就是欢迎信息
banner_file=<filename> :设置用户连接服务器后的显示信息存放在指定的filename文件中
connect_timeout=<n> :如果客户机连接服务器超过N秒，则强制断线，默认60
accept_timeout=<n> :当使用者以被动模式进行数据传输时，服务器发出passive port指令等待客户机超过N秒，则强制断线，默认60
accept_connection_timeout=<n> :设置空闲的数据连接在N秒后中断，默认120
data_connection_timeout=<n> : 设置空闲的用户会话在N秒后中断，默认300
max_clients=<n> : 在独立启动时限制服务器的连接数，0表示无限制
max_per_ip=<n> :在独立启动时限制客户机每IP的连接数，0表示无限制（不知道是否跟多线程下载有没干系）
local_enable=<YES/NO> :设置是否支持本地用户帐号访问
guest_enable=<YES/NO> :设置是否支持虚拟用户帐号访问
write_enable=<YES/NO> :是否开放本地用户的写权限
local_umask=<nnn> :设置本地用户上传的文件的生成掩码，默认为077
local_max_rate<n> :设置本地用户最大的传输速率，单位为bytes/sec，值为0表示不限制
local_root=<file> :设置本地用户登陆后的目录，默认为本地用户的主目录
chroot_local_user=<YES/NO> :当为YES时，所有本地用户可以执行chroot
chroot_list_enable=<YES/NO>
chroot_list_file=<filename> :当chroot_local_user=NO 且 chroot_list_enable=YES时，只有filename文件指定的用户可以执行chroot
anonymous_enable=<YES/NO> :设置是否支持匿名用户访问
anon_max_rate=<n> :设置匿名用户的最大传输速率，单位为B/s，值为0表示不限制
anon_world_readable_only=<YES/NO> 是否开放匿名用户的浏览权限
anon_upload_enable=<YES/NO> 设置是否允许匿名用户上传
anon_mkdir_write_enable=<YES/NO> :设置是否允许匿名用户创建目录
anon_other_write_enable=<YES/NO> :设置是否允许匿名用户其他的写权限（注意，这个在安全上比较重要，一般不建议开，不过关闭会不支持续传）
anon_umask=<nnn> :设置匿名用户上传的文件的生成掩码，默认为077

==匿名用户==
先备份
<pre>sudo cp /etc/vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftpd.conf.old
如果不小心搞坏了，下面提供原文件内容
# Example config file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
#
# The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file
# loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable.
# Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults.
#
# READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options.
# Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's
# capabilities.
#
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware - allowed by default if you comment this out).
anonymous_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
# When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool ftp_home_dir
local_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES
#
# Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022,
# if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's)
local_umask=022
#
# Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only
# has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will
# obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
# When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool allow_ftpd_anon_write, allow_ftpd_full_access
#anon_upload_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create
# new directories.
#anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
#
# Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES
#
# Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
xferlog_enable=YES
#
# Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data).
connect_from_port_20=YES
#
# If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by
# a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not
# recommended!
#chown_uploads=YES
#chown_username=whoever
#
# You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is shown
# below.
#xferlog_file=/var/log/xferlog
#
# If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog format.
# Note that the default log file location is /var/log/xferlog in this case.
xferlog_std_format=YES
#
# You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
#idle_session_timeout=600
#
# You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
#data_connection_timeout=120
#
# It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the
# ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
#nopriv_user=ftpsecure
#
# Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not
# recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
# however, may confuse older FTP clients.
#async_abor_enable=YES
#
# By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore
# the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII
# mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
# Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service
# attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd
# predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the
# raw file.
# ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol.
#ascii_upload_enable=YES
#ascii_download_enable=YES
#
# You may fully customise the login banner string:
#ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service.
#
# You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently
# useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
#deny_email_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd/banned_emails
#
# You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home
# directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of
# users to NOT chroot().
# (Warning! chroot'ing can be very dangerous. If using chroot, make sure that
# the user does not have write access to the top level directory within the
# chroot)
#chroot_local_user=YES
#chroot_list_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list
#
# You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by
# default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large
# sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume
# the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it.
#ls_recurse_enable=YES
#
# When "listen" directive is enabled, vsftpd runs in standalone mode and
# listens on IPv4 sockets. This directive cannot be used in conjunction
# with the listen_ipv6 directive.
listen=NO
#
# This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. By default, listening
# on the IPv6 "any" address (::) will accept connections from both IPv6
# and IPv4 clients. It is not necessary to listen on *both* IPv4 and IPv6
# sockets. If you want that (perhaps because you want to listen on specific
# addresses) then you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration
# files.
# Make sure, that one of the listen options is commented !!
listen_ipv6=YES

pam_service_name=vsftpd
userlist_enable=YES
tcp_wrappers=YES

开始配制

将
#chown_uploads=YES
#chown_username=whoever
改为以下内容
chown_uploads=YES
#更改上传文件的属主
chown_username=root
#文件属主是谁（一般设定为root）
anon_umask=022
#匿名用户的权力
anon_root=/home/cc/AAA
#匿名用户根目录（注：AAA文件夹的三个权限均需要设定为Can View Content）
将
#chroot_local_user=YES
改为
chroot_local_user=YES
#将本地用户限制在根目录以内，不允许漂移（看到根目录的上一级甚至上上一级文件夹）
local_root=/home/cc/AAA
#本地用户根目录

虚拟用户：
在文件末尾添加
secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd
#我比较喜欢用/home/cc/BBB，因为/var/run/vsftpd每次启动前都要新建（如果关机了的话），很麻烦
rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/vsftpd.pem
guest_enable=YES
guest_username=vsftpd
virtual_use_local_privs=YES
user_config_dir=/etc/vsftpd_user_conf
vsftpd_log_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log

注：如果出现500 OOPS: priv_sock_get_cmd，那么请加上seccomp_sandbox=NO，为了避免这个问题，还是先加上为好

保存关闭

配制本地用户和虚拟用户同时登陆（注意：先认证虚拟用户，不然即使所有required都改成sufficient，虚拟用户也不能登录！！！）

sudo kwrite /etc/pam.d/vsftpd
将里面内容替换为：
#%PAM-1.0
auth sufficient pam_mysql.so user=vsftpd passwd=ftpdpass host=localhost db=vsftpd table=accounts usercolumn=username passwdcolumn=pass crypt=2
account sufficient pam_mysql.so user=vsftpd passwd=ftpdpass host=localhost db=vsftpd table=accounts usercolumn=username passwdcolumn=pass crypt=2
session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke
#session sufficient pam_keyinit.so force revoke
auth required pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny file=/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers onerr=succeed
auth required pam_shells.so
#auth sufficient pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny file=/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers onerr=succeed
#auth sufficient pam_shells.so
auth include password-auth
account include password-auth
session required pam_loginuid.so
session include password-auth

配制mysql

安装mysql
sudo yum install mariadb pam_mysql mysql-server phpmyadmin
然后设置一下密码等项目：
sudo service mysqld start
sudo mysql_secure_installation

/bin/mysql_secure_installation:行379: find_mysql_client: 未找到命令

NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!

In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.

Enter current password for root (enter for none): （直接敲回车）
OK, successfully used password, moving on...

Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.

Set root password? [Y/n] y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
... Success!


By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
... Success!

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y
... Success!

By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
- Dropping test database...
... Success!
- Removing privileges on test database...
... Success!

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
... Success!

Cleaning up...

All done! If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.

Thanks for using MariaDB!


下面来配制虚拟用户：

mysql -u root -p

CREATE DATABASE vsftpd;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP ON vsftpd.* TO 'vsftpd'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'ftpdpass';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP ON vsftpd.* TO 'vsftpd'@'localhost.localdomain' IDENTIFIED BY 'ftpdpass';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

USE vsftpd;

CREATE TABLE `accounts` (
`id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY ,
`username` VARCHAR( 30 ) NOT NULL ,
`pass` VARCHAR( 50 ) NOT NULL ,
UNIQUE (
`username`
)
) ENGINE = MYISAM ;

INSERT INTO accounts (username, pass) VALUES('testuser', PASSWORD('secret'));
quit;

sudo groupadd nogroup
sudo useradd --home /home/vsftpd --gid nogroup -m --shell /bin/false vsftpd

配制quota（磁盘配额）：
安装quota
sudo yum install quota
sudo kwrite /etc/fstab
将/etc/fstab中根分区的记录的第4个字段改成defaults,usrquota,这样这条记录看起来类似这样:

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Aug 21 21:35:05 2013
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/fedora-root / ext4 defaults,usrquota 1 1
UUID=4fedd1e3-da24-4796-99ee-55818d6d19c2 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
/dev/mapper/fedora-home /home ext4 defaults,usrquota 1 2
/dev/mapper/fedora-swap swap swap defaults 0 0


接着重启系统后输入下列命令:
sudo quotacheck -acu -fm #检查启用了配额的文件系统，并为每个文件系统建立一个当前磁盘用来的表
sudo quotacheck -avu -fm #生成每个启用了配额的文件系统的当前磁盘用量表
sudo edquota vsftpd #为用户vsftpd设置磁盘配额（为虚拟用户设置磁盘配额，但这是个总量，没法具体对单个用户设置磁盘配额，所以可以说用处不大，这里只是说明一下并不是无法对虚拟用户进行磁盘配额设置）
这时系统会在默认文本编辑器(vi)中打开配额文件,显示类似这样:
Disk quotas for user ftpuser (uid 501):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/hda5 0 0 0 0 0 0
按下i键，使用方向键移动，并将的0改成1（默认单位为KB）
/dev/hda5 0 0 1 0 0 0

按ctrl+c退出编辑

注：
第一列是启用了配额的文件系统的名称。第二列显示了用户当前使用的块数,单位为KB。随后的两列用来设置用户在该文件系统上的软硬块限度。inodes 列显示了用户当前使用的i节点数量。最后两列用来设置用户在该文件系统上的软硬i节点限度.硬限是用户或组群可以使用的磁盘空间的绝对最大值。达到了该限度后，磁盘空间就不能再被用户或组群使用了。软限定义可被使用的最大磁盘空间量。和硬限不同的是，软限可以在一段时期内被超过。这段时期被称为过渡期（grace period）。过渡期可以用秒钟、分钟、小时、天数、周数、或月数表示。如果以上值中的任何一个被设置为 0，那个限度就不会被设置.按你的需要修改后存盘推出.

保存退出：
输入:wq，回车
注：冒号要输上！！！

对Selinux设置，不然匿名用户无法登陆
sudo setsebool -P ftpd_full_access 1
把/home/cc后两个权限设置为Can View Content，不然虚拟用户无法登陆

sudo mkdir /var/run/vsftpd
sudo service mysqld start
sudo service vsftpd start

注：quota的两个命令
启动：sudo quotaon -auvg
关闭：sudo quotaoff -auvg

下载filezilla（ftp服务器客户端）

sudo yum install filezilla

打开filezilla输入你的ip地址，账户，密码（你可以尝试一下匿名（除了ip地址外不用输任何东西，直接敲回车），本地用户，虚拟用户（账户名testuser，密码secret））

注：如果用满了，只要删除掉响应用户上传的文件然后执行：
sudo quotacheck -avu -fm
就可以用了

注：日志文件，ubuntu是/var/log/auth.log，fedora是/var/log/secure
不推荐ubuntu，因为ubuntu无法同让quota开启并且让虚拟用户与本地用户同时认证成功。

注：配制好的文件
# Example config file /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
#
# The default compiled in settings are fairly paranoid. This sample file
# loosens things up a bit, to make the ftp daemon more usable.
# Please see vsftpd.conf.5 for all compiled in defaults.
#
# READ THIS: This example file is NOT an exhaustive list of vsftpd options.
# Please read the vsftpd.conf.5 manual page to get a full idea of vsftpd's
# capabilities.
#
# Allow anonymous FTP? (Beware - allowed by default if you comment this out).
anonymous_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to allow local users to log in.
# When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool ftp_home_dir
local_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this to enable any form of FTP write command.
write_enable=YES
#
# Default umask for local users is 077. You may wish to change this to 022,
# if your users expect that (022 is used by most other ftpd's)
local_umask=022
#
# Uncomment this to allow the anonymous FTP user to upload files. This only
# has an effect if the above global write enable is activated. Also, you will
# obviously need to create a directory writable by the FTP user.
# When SELinux is enforcing check for SE bool allow_ftpd_anon_write, allow_ftpd_full_access
anon_upload_enable=YES
#
# Uncomment this if you want the anonymous FTP user to be able to create
# new directories.
anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES
#
# Activate directory messages - messages given to remote users when they
# go into a certain directory.
dirmessage_enable=YES
#
# Activate logging of uploads/downloads.
xferlog_enable=YES
#
# Make sure PORT transfer connections originate from port 20 (ftp-data).
connect_from_port_20=YES
#
# If you want, you can arrange for uploaded anonymous files to be owned by
# a different user. Note! Using "root" for uploaded files is not
# recommended!
chown_uploads=YES
chown_username=root
anon_umask=022
anon_root=/home/cc/AAA
#
# You may override where the log file goes if you like. The default is shown
# below.
#xferlog_file=/var/log/xferlog
#
# If you want, you can have your log file in standard ftpd xferlog format.
# Note that the default log file location is /var/log/xferlog in this case.
xferlog_std_format=YES
#
# You may change the default value for timing out an idle session.
#idle_session_timeout=600
#
# You may change the default value for timing out a data connection.
#data_connection_timeout=120
#
# It is recommended that you define on your system a unique user which the
# ftp server can use as a totally isolated and unprivileged user.
nopriv_user=vsftpd
#
# Enable this and the server will recognise asynchronous ABOR requests. Not
# recommended for security (the code is non-trivial). Not enabling it,
# however, may confuse older FTP clients.
#async_abor_enable=YES
#
# By default the server will pretend to allow ASCII mode but in fact ignore
# the request. Turn on the below options to have the server actually do ASCII
# mangling on files when in ASCII mode.
# Beware that on some FTP servers, ASCII support allows a denial of service
# attack (DoS) via the command "SIZE /big/file" in ASCII mode. vsftpd
# predicted this attack and has always been safe, reporting the size of the
# raw file.
# ASCII mangling is a horrible feature of the protocol.
#ascii_upload_enable=YES
#ascii_download_enable=YES
#
# You may fully customise the login banner string:
#ftpd_banner=Welcome to blah FTP service.
#
# You may specify a file of disallowed anonymous e-mail addresses. Apparently
# useful for combatting certain DoS attacks.
#deny_email_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#banned_email_file=/etc/vsftpd/banned_emails
#
# You may specify an explicit list of local users to chroot() to their home
# directory. If chroot_local_user is YES, then this list becomes a list of
# users to NOT chroot().
# (Warning! chroot'ing can be very dangerous. If using chroot, make sure that
# the user does not have write access to the top level directory within the
# chroot)
chroot_local_user=YES
local_root=/home/cc/AAA
#chroot_list_enable=YES
# (default follows)
#chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd/chroot_list
#
# You may activate the "-R" option to the builtin ls. This is disabled by
# default to avoid remote users being able to cause excessive I/O on large
# sites. However, some broken FTP clients such as "ncftp" and "mirror" assume
# the presence of the "-R" option, so there is a strong case for enabling it.
#ls_recurse_enable=YES
#
# When "listen" directive is enabled, vsftpd runs in standalone mode and
# listens on IPv4 sockets. This directive cannot be used in conjunction
# with the listen_ipv6 directive.
listen=NO
#
# This directive enables listening on IPv6 sockets. By default, listening
# on the IPv6 "any" address (::) will accept connections from both IPv6
# and IPv4 clients. It is not necessary to listen on *both* IPv4 and IPv6
# sockets. If you want that (perhaps because you want to listen on specific
# addresses) then you must run two copies of vsftpd with two configuration
# files.
# Make sure, that one of the listen options is commented !!
listen_ipv6=YES
pam_service_name=vsftpd
userlist_enable=YES
tcp_wrappers=YES
secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd
rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/vsftpd.pem
guest_enable=YES
guest_username=vsftpd
virtual_use_local_privs=YES
user_config_dir=/etc/vsftpd_user_conf
vsftpd_log_file=/var/log/vsftpd.log
seccomp_sandbox=NO

其他内容：
Quota：
如果你设置了软限，那么还要设置过渡期时间：
使用edquota -t来设置过渡期（grace period） 和另一个 edquota 命令相似，这个命令也会在文本编辑器中打开当前的文件系统配额：

Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Filesystem Block grace period Inode grace period
/dev/hda5 7days 7days

保存退出

显示欢迎信息
在 vsftpd.conf 末尾输入：
dirmessage_enable=YES

然后编辑各用户home目录下的.message

vi .message

qii@ubuntu:~$ cat .message
欢迎来到vsftpd

qii@ubuntu:~$ ftp localhost
Connected to localhost.
220 (vsFTPd 2.2.2)
Name (localhost:qii): qii
331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230-欢迎来到vsftpd
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp>

若是匿名用户，就放到

/var/ftp

限制下载速度

单位是字节，所以需要换算。比如我想让匿名用户和vsFTP上的用户都以80KB下载，所以这个数字应该是1024x80=81920

anon_max_rate=数字 #匿名用户下载速度
local_max_rate=数字 #普通用户下载速度

限制连接数

前者为服务器最大支持连接数，后者为每个ip允许最多连接数。

max_clients=数字
max_per_ip=数字

错误提示分别是

qii@ubuntu:~$ ftp localhost
Connected to localhost.
421 There are too many connected users, please try later.

qii@ubuntu:~$ ftp localhost
Connected to localhost.
421 There are too many connections from your internet address.

账号登录
/etc/ftpusers文件

该文件内的用户一律禁止ftp连接，默认列表包括了root, daemon, nobody等。需要禁止某个用户，添加进来便是。

userlist_file 文件

vsftpd自订的列表，跟/etc/ftpusers类似，具体文件名和路径是由用户自己指定的。这边设成 /etc/vsftpd.user_list

添加配置文件字段：

userlist_enable=YES
userlist_deny=YES
userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.user_list

限制一切，开放特定

上述2个方法都是限制列表文件中的用户，如果要反过来，限制一切用户登录，只允许列表文件中的用户，用 userlist_file，这样：

userlist_enable=YES
userlist_deny=NO

root登录

之所以限制root这类账号登录就是托上面几个文件，要是你非要用系统账号登录，如上所述，将列表文件中的特定用户名删除便是。

Chroot
限制所有

限制登录用户访问其他目录，改之前登录显示的路径比如是 ~ ，改之后则是 /。

效果是像这样的。
注：我的本地用户(local user为yeshuai,home directory为/home/yeshuai)


root@ubuntu:~# ftp localhost
Connected to localhost.
220 (vsFTPd 2.3.2)
Name (localhost:yeshuai): yeshuai

331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp>
ftp> pwd
'''257 "/"'''

看上边，正常情况下，输入pwd时，应该是显示/home/yeshuai.
由于我做了chroot.所以，/home/yeshuai变成 /

chroot_local_user=YES

开放所有，限制特定

可指定一组用户限制

chroot_local_user=NO
chroot_list_enable=YES
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list

随后创建列表

sudo vi /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list

一行一个用户名 重启vsftp

sudo service vsftpd restart

限制所有，开放特定

上面的规则是限制 /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list 中的用户，反过来限制一切，只解禁 /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list 的用户。这样：

chroot_local_user=YES
chroot_list_enable=YES
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list

虚拟路径

比如我的ftp的默认目录是/srv/ftp，我想把/mnt/LinG/WinSoft文件夹，映射到/srv/ftp目录中，我就如下操作 命令：

#mount --bind [原有的目录] [新目录]

先创建文件夹

sudo mkdir /srv/ftp/WinSoft

执行mount命令

sudo mount --bind /mnt/LinG/WinSoft /srv/ftp/WinSoft

注：如果自己建立软链接后，匿名用户是无法打开该文件夹的，chmod 777 也不行，如果对本地用户适用chroot后，本地用户也无法打开，具体原因是因为打开后点击：...（用filezilla）会回到上级目录，造成目录漂移，比如我在/home/cc/目录下有QQQ文件夹 然后在 /home/cc/AAA/建立软链接
sudo ln -s /home/cc/QQQ /home/cc/AAA/QQ
这样如果我不限制本地用户，然后用本地用户登录并打开了/home/cc/AAA/QQ，那么回到的上级目录是/home/cc也就是主目录而不是/home/cc/AAA，所以vsftp安全性确实很高，考虑很周到。

限制某个ip或者仅允许某些ip：

在/etc/hosts.allow文件的最后一行加一条“all:all:deny”和"all:deny"规则
因为默认是 全部允许通过的加上这两条命令之后，除了设置sudo kwrite /etc/hosts.allow
中添加vsftpd:192.168.1.0/24 分成256个子网这样就实现了1个ip是一个子网，这样就等于允许某个ip了
vsftpd:192.168.2.0/24: DENY 则是阻止某个ip
注：由于这是/etc/hosts.allow，所以默认是allow，所以不用这样写vsftpd:192.168.1.0/24:allow但是deny得声明，同理/etc/hosts.deny
如果只设置
vsftpd:192.168.1.0/24
all:all:deny
all:deny
那么除了192.168.1.0可以访问，其他都不行，
如果只设置
vsftpd:192.168.2.0/24: DENY （阻止192.168.2.0子网的访问）
vsftpd:192.168.1.0/24 （允许192.168.1.0子网的访问）
那么就是阻止192.168.2.0 ip访问
允许192.168.1.0访问，其实vsftpd:192.168.1.0/24 可以不要

注：如果有多个ip请用逗号（英文逗号）或空格隔开

BTW:如何设置左边任务栏和开始菜单一样宽？
其实很简单，打开文件浏览器dolphin，调到底部处于同一水平线上时，任务栏上方与文件浏览器左上角小图标底端对齐即可

添加cc用户到vbox组中，使之能检测到usb
Users and Groups

设置共享文件夹，使vbox能与win进行文件交换

进入win7,我的电脑，上方有个映射网络驱动器

Processing中文乱码问题

1.在/home/cc/processing-2.0.2/java/lib/fonts下建立个目录 fallback
mkdir /home/cc/processing-2.0.2/java/lib/fonts/fallback/

2.在 fallback 里弄个中文字体
拷贝或链接都可以
ln -s /usr/local/share/fonts/m/msyh.ttf /home/cc/processing-2.0.2/java/lib/fonts/fallback/

3.进入/home/cc/processing-2.0.2/java/lib/fonts/fallback/ 执行 mkfontscale
再把 jre/lib/fonts/fallback/fonts.scale 的内容加到/home/cc/processing-2.0.2/java/lib/fonts/fonts.dir

cd /home/cc/processing-2.0.2/java/lib/fonts/fallback/
mkfontscale
cd ..
cat fallback/fonts.scale >> fonts.dir

最终结果

[aaronku]

LOL 亮了～～～～～～～～～～～～～

[aaronku]

说好的LOL 呢？？？？？？？

[243750496]

网盘地址（帖子中所有内容）
http://pan.baidu.com/share/link?shareid ... =353364615


su root
ps aux是查看所有进程 左起第一个出现的数字是进程的PID比如123
然后 kill 123即可杀死进程


　压缩

　　tar –cvf jpg.tar *.jpg //将目录里所有jpg文件打包成jpg.tar

　　tar –czf jpg.tar.gz *.jpg //将目录里所有jpg文件打包成jpg.tar后，并且将其用gzip压缩，生成一个gzip压缩过的包，命名为jpg.tar.gz

　　tar –cjf jpg.tar.bz2 *.jpg //将目录里所有jpg文件打包成jpg.tar后，并且将其用bzip2压缩，生成一个bzip2压缩过的包，命名为jpg.tar.bz2

　　tar –cZf jpg.tar.Z *.jpg //将目录里所有jpg文件打包成jpg.tar后，并且将其用compress压缩，生成一个umcompress压缩过的包，命名为jpg.tar.Z

　　rar a jpg.rar *.jpg //rar格式的压缩，需要先下载rar for linux

　　zip jpg.zip *.jpg //zip格式的压缩，需要先下载zip for linux

　解压

　　tar –xvf file.tar //解压 tar包

　　tar -xzvf file.tar.gz //解压tar.gz

　　tar -xjvf file.tar.bz2 //解压 tar.bz2

　　tar –xZvf file.tar.Z //解压tar.Z

　　unrar e file.rar //解压rar

　　unzip file.zip //解压zip

[ta0z3n]

非常感谢！辛苦