dd
DD(1) User Commands DD(1)
NAME
dd - convert and copy a file
SYNOPSIS
dd [OPERAND]...
dd OPTION
DESCRIPTION
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands.
bs=BYTES
force ibs=BYTES and obs=BYTES
cbs=BYTES
convert BYTES bytes at a time
conv=CONVS
convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list
count=BLOCKS
copy only BLOCKS input blocks
ibs=BYTES
read BYTES bytes at a time
if=FILE
read from FILE instead of stdin
iflag=FLAGS
read as per the comma separated symbol list
obs=BYTES
write BYTES bytes at a time
of=FILE
write to FILE instead of stdout
oflag=FLAGS
write as per the comma separated symbol list
seek=BLOCKS
skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output
skip=BLOCKS
skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input
status=noxfer
suppress transfer statistics
BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suf‐
fixes: xM M, c 1, w 2, b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M
1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E,
Z, Y.
Each CONV symbol may be:
ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII
ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC
ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC
block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size
unblock
replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline
lcase change upper case to lower case
nocreat
do not create the output file
excl fail if the output file already exists
notrunc
do not truncate the output file
ucase change lower case to upper case
swab swap every pair of input bytes
noerror
continue after read errors
sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with
block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs
fdatasync
physically write output file data before finishing
fsync likewise, but also write metadata
Each FLAG symbol may be:
append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc sug‐
gested)
direct use direct I/O for data
directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O
for data sync likewise, but also for metadata nonblock use
non-blocking I/O noatime do not update access time noctty
do not assign controlling terminal from file nofollow do not
follow symlinks
Sending a USR1 signal to a running ‘dd’ process makes it print I/O
statistics to standard error and then resume copying.
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$!
$ kill -USR1 $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid
18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes
(9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s
Options are:
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
AUTHOR
Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, and Stuart Kemp.
REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <
[email protected]>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the
terms of the GNU General Public License
<
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the
extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for dd is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
the info and dd programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐
mand
info dd
should give you access to the complete manual.
GNU coreutils 6.9 March 2007 DD(1)